New discovery in cause of childhood cataracts
About 14% of blind children and half the population of people aged 60 and over suffer from cataracts. Researchers at ETH Zurich and the University of Zurich have identified the chromosomal location and molecular defect in the coding region of the gene responsible for a childhood cataract. The researchers’ results will be published in the 'American Journal of Human Genetics'.
The international team of researchers was able to identify the
location and defect in the coding region of the gene through analysis of genetic
material (DNA) from members of a large Swiss family, the majority of whom
suffered from autosomal dominant juvenile cataract. It marks the first time ever that the gene responsible
for a childhood cataract has been associated with a human disease.The corresponding
protein belongs to a family of monocarboxylate transporters which move small
molecules across cell membranes. Surprisingly, this genetic defect may also
lead to the condition of renal glucosuria, a non-pathological
kidney defect with elevated levels of glucose in the urine, but not in
blood.
New research begun
The search for the molecule that is carried by this new transporter across the membrane has now begun. The researchers suspect that this genetic defect interferes with homeostasis in the lens as well as in the kidney. Since the known environmental risk factors for age-related cataract point to physiological and oxidative damages accumulating over time within the lens, the researchers assume that defects in this newly discovered transporter may also be a cause of age-related cataract. Age-related cataract patients are now being screened to find mutations in this gene. Understanding the exact function of this transporter may open new venues for non-surgical treatment of cataract.
Gradual blurred vision
Cataract, the condition of altered refractive index in the lens of the eye, is the clouding of the eye’s normally clear lens and results in blurry vision that frequently includes disturbing glare in the visual field. Successful treatment today involves surgical removal of the affected lens and replacement with an artificial one.
Two conditions of cataract
Age onset of cataract is the distinguishing characteristic between affliction in childhood or in later years. Whereas about 14% of blind children are affected, half of the adult population worldwide aged 60 and older suffers from age-related cataract. Various underlying defects cause its development. Research in molecular and genetic science has enabled identification of several genes that play an important role in structural or regulatory functions in lens cells. Although all cataract genes identified to date are known to affect children, genetic factors for age-related cataract continue to remain widely undiscovered.
Literature reference
Koeckener-Gruissem, Barbara, Kristof Vandekerckhove, Gudrun Nürnberg, John Neidhardt, Christina Zeitz, Peter Nürnberg, Isaak Schipper & Wolfgang Berger (2008): Mutation of solute carrier SLC16A12 associates with a syndrome combining juvenile cataract with microcornea and renal glucosuria. The American Journal of Human Genetics, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.013
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